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Table 3 Excluded measurements with different FDE methods compared with simulated faults in measurements

From: Vulnerabilities and integrity of precise point positioning for intelligent transport systems: overview and analysis

Numbers of epoch with 1-s interval

Measurements with simulated outliers

Simulated outliers (m)

Excluded measurements

Simple FDE

Advanced FDE

Chi-square test based FDE

2137

G03 L1

-1.0061

G03 L1

G03 L1

G03 L1

G31 L1

-0.6252

G31 L1

G31 L1

G31 L1

2145

G01 L1

-0.8257

G01 L1

G01 L1

G01 L1

G31 L1

-0.5368

G31 L1

G31 L1

G31 L1

2146

G03 L1

-0.4397

G03 L1

G03 L1

G03 L1

G23 L1

-0.2917

–

G23 L1

G23 L1

  

Wrong exclusion:

L1: G09, G18, E26, E07, E27

L2: G09, G23, G18

L5: G09, E26, E27, E07

  

2182

G03 L1

0.4673

G03 L1

G03 L1

G03 L1

2264

G16 L1

0.5393

G16 L1

G16 L1

G16 L1

G31 L1

-0.3877

G31 L1

G31 L1

G31 L1

2550

G03 L1

0.2335

–

G03 L1

G03 L1

G22 L1

0.4185

G22 L1

G22 L1

G22 L1

  

Wrong exclusion:

L1: G14, G18, G23, E07, E27

L2: G03, G18, G22, G23

L5: G03, E27

  

2580

G22 L1

-0.5009

G22 L1

G22 L1

G22 L1

G23 L1

0.5970

G23 L1

G23 L1

G23 L1

  

Wrong exclusion: G09 L1

  

2854

G09 L1

0.5608

G09 L1

G09 L1

G09 L1

G16 L1

0.8676

G16 L1

G16 L1

G16 L1

2870

G09 L1

-0.0654

–

–

–

G26 L1

0.0930

G26 L1

G26 L1

G26 L1

2911

G09 L1

-0.5632

G09 L1

G09 L1

G09 L1

G22 L1

-0.4518

G22 L1

G22 L1

G22 L1