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Table 4 Companies and products in indoor PLAN

From: Indoor navigation: state of the art and future trends

Primary sensor

Company

Performance

Sensor cost

Camera

Mobileye

Decimeter-level to centimeter-level

$100 level to $10 level

Camera (infrastructural)

VICON

Centimeter-level and higher

$10,000 level to $1,000 level for a specific area (e.g., a parking lot)

LiDAR

Velodyne

Decimeter-level to centimeter-level

$10,000 level to $1,000 level

LiDAR (infrastructural)

SICK

Decimeter-level to centimeter-level

$10,000 level for a specific area

HD map

HERE

Centimeter-level

Costly. A team of professional cars works for days to create a regional HD map

Inertial sensors (vehicle)

Profound positioning

2% of travel distance

Low-cost IMU at $ 100 to $ 10 level

Inertial sensors (pedestrian)

TDK-InvenSense

4–8% of distance; 1% of distance with a fixed device

Low-cost IMU at $ 100 to $ 10 level

GNSS

Trimble

Decimeter-level to centimeter-level

$ 1,000 level

UWB

Decawave

Decimeter-level

$ 100 level for a set of anchors that are used to cover a place of 100 m2 level

Ultrasonic

Marvelmind

Decimeter-level

$ 100 level for a set of anchors that are used to cover a place of 100 m2 level

WiFi/BLE

Cisco

50% within 5 m and 90% within 10 m

Infrastructure deployment cost of $ 10 level per 100 m2-level area

5G

Huawei

No commercial PLAN system yet

$1000 to $ 100 level per base station. Coverage range from kilometer-level to within 100 m