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Fig. 8 | Satellite Navigation

Fig. 8

From: Characterization of multi-scale ionospheric irregularities using ground-based and space-based GNSS observations

Fig. 8

a Dispersion relation (i.e. frequency, \(\Omega\), versus perpendicular wavenumber, \(k_{\perp }\) and growth rate (\(\Upsilon\)) of Strong Super Small Striation (SSS) irregularities generated during an ionospheric heating experiment), proposed to produce GNSS phase scintillations. Note Electron Bernstein (EB) waves are generated in the range \(k_{\perp }\rho _{e}\sim\) 0.3, which implies decimeter SSS irregularities. b Nonlinear numerical simulation of SSS showing temporal damping of EB SSS which aligns with the reduction in GPS phase scintillations in Fig. 7 (Mahmoudian et al. 2018) (Adapted from Xi and Scales (2001))

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