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Fig. 9 | Satellite Navigation

Fig. 9

From: Characterization of multi-scale ionospheric irregularities using ground-based and space-based GNSS observations

Fig. 9

a Configuration of a 2D plasma simulation used to study development of irregularities in the mid-latitude ionosphere. Primary generation is the Temperature Gradient Instability (TGI) due to opposed density and temperature gradients in the sub-auroral region. b Irregularity spatial spectrum in the y direction (propagation direction) from the simulation showing development of irregularities from cascading turbulence from the km spatial range down to decameter spatial scales that impact both GNSS scintillations and also HF space weather radar scattering (Adapted from Eltrass and Scales (2014))

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