Table 5 Pros and cons of smartphone positioning using different methods
From: GNSS smartphones positioning: advances, challenges, opportunities, and future perspectives
Method | Pros | Cons |
|---|---|---|
SPP | Simple and straightforward method Only observations of a single device needed No need to additional data/corrections | Noisy pseudorange measurements Affected by multipath Low accuracy |
PPP | Only observations of a single device needed Higher accuracy compared to SPP | Frequent cycle slips and missing phase observations Precise satellite orbit and clock needed Unknown antenna characteristics of the smart devices (PCO and PCV) Long convergence time |
PPP-AR | Higher accuracy | An external survey-grade antenna needed (Wen et al., 2020) |
RTK | Higher accuracy Allows integer ambiguity resolution | Base station(s) needed Not all carrier-phase observations have the property of integer ambiguities |