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Table 1 Position errors for DR + WiFi, DR + MM, EDTW + REKF, and HV-DDTW + CPF (m)

From: An indoor fusion navigation algorithm using HV-derivative dynamic time warping and the chicken particle filter

Motion Modes

Positioning Algorithm

AE

RMSE

ME

CEP of 75%

CEP of 95%

Calling

DR + WiFi

1.5

1.69

2.58

2.08

2.56

 

DR + MM

0.93

1.06

1.77

1.28

1.76

 

EDTW + REKF

0.92

1.08

2.15

1.29

2.12

 

HV-DDTW + CPF

0.74

0.86

1.57

0.98

1.52

Dangling

DR + WiFi

1.01

1.1

1.77

1.34

1.72

 

DR + MM

0.84

0.99

1.71

1.38

1.72

 

EDTW + REKF

0.67

0.79

1.44

0.99

1.42

 

HV-DDTW + CPF

0.54

0.67

1.35

0.79

1.32

Handheld

DR + WiFi

0.9

1.06

1.9

1.28

1.86

 

DR + MM

0.93

1.12

2.37

1.17

2.32

 

EDTW + REKF

0.89

1.05

2.57

1.09

2.52

 

HV-DDTW + CPF

0.61

0.74

1.82

0.79

1.82

Pocketed

DR + WiFi

2.14

2.36

3.49

2.98

3.42

 

DR + MM

1.66

1.85

3.15

2.29

3.12

 

EDTW + REKF

1.85

2.03

3.35

2.58

3.32

 

HV-DDTW + CPF

1.64

1.79

2.47

2.26

2.47

General

DR + WiFi

1.39

1.55

2.43

1.92

2.39

 

DR + MM

1.09

1.26

2.25

1.53

2.23

 

EDTW + REKF

1.08

1.24

2.38

1.49

2.35

 

HV-DDTW + CPF

0.88

1.02

1.8

1.21

1.78