Precise orbit determination for a large LEO constellation with inter-satellite links and the measurements from different ground networks: a simulation study

Satellite Navigation

Table 2 Mean RMS of orbit errors in radial, along-track, cross-track and 3D position directions

Station network	Case	Mean RMS of orbit errors in radial direction (cm)	Mean RMS of orbit errors in along-track direction (cm)	Mean RMS of orbit errors in cross-track direction (cm)	Mean RMS of orbit errors in 3D position (cm)
Europe	Without ISL	0.58	1.99	0.92	2.36
Europe	With ISL	0.11	0.54	0.16	0.59
China	Without ISL	0.49	1.65	0.66	1.89
China	With ISL	0.11	0.56	0.20	0.62
Brazil	Without ISL	0.44	1.62	0.67	1.86
Brazil	With ISL	0.11	0.56	0.18	0.61
High lat	Without ISL	0.39	1.41	1.60	2.31
High lat	With ISL	0.11	0.51	0.16	0.56
Mid lat	Without ISL	0.17	0.66	0.59	0.95
Mid lat	With ISL	0.11	0.52	0.08	0.54
Low lat	Without ISL	0.17	0.63	0.63	0.95
Low lat	With ISL	0.11	0.52	0.09	0.55
Lon	Without ISL	0.24	0.75	0.24	0.84
Lon	With ISL	0.11	0.52	0.10	0.54
Global	Without ISL	0.16	0.62	0.15	0.66
Global	With ISL	0.11	0.52	0.08	0.54
Median value	Without ISL	0.32	1.08	0.65	1.41
Median value	With ISL	0.11	0.52	0.13	0.56
Best possible		0.11	0.51	0.01	0.52