Table 2 This table compares the performance of different navigation signal authentication schemes
Scheme | Robustness | Security | Efficiency | Cost | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
\(P_{D}\) | MPT | USR | USW | TTFAF | TBA | \(L_{{C/N_{0} }}\) | \(R_{u}\) | \(N_{{{\text{cal}}}}\) | \(N_{storage}\) | |
OSNMA for Galileo | High | ~ 6 s | ~ 5 SPS | 10 ms | ~ 270 s | 30 s | 0 | 0 | Low | Very low |
SBAS assisted NMA | High | ~ 6 s | ~ 10 SPS | ~ 10 ms | ~ 36 s | 6 s | 0 | Low | Low | Very low |
Chimera for GPS (Fast channel) | Moderate | ~ 50 μs | ~ 256 × 103 SPS | ~ 2 μs | Variable* | Variable* | ~ − 1 dB | Moderate* | Low | Low |
Chimera for GPS (Slow channel) | Moderate | ~ 50 μs | ~ 256 × 103 SPS | ~ 2 μs | ~ 270 s | 180 s | ~ − 1 dB | 0 | Low | High |
PROSPA | Moderate | ~ 1 μs | ~ 10 × 106 SPS | ~ 1 μs | Variable** | Variable** | 0 | Moderate to high | High | Moderate |
ASPIRE | High | ~ 1 μs | ~ 10 × 106 SPS | ~ 1 μs | Variable** | Variable** | 0 | Moderate to high | Low | High |
P(Y) samples (Psiaki et al., 2013) | Moderate | ~ 20 μs | ~ 5.115 × 103 SPS | ~ 20 μs | Variable** | Variable** | 0 | Moderate to high | Low | High |
Supersonic code (Pozzobon et al., 2014) | Moderate | ~ 10 μs | ~ 1 × 106 SPS | ~ 10 μs | ~ 50 ms | ~ 1 ms | Variable*** | Low | High | Low |
Codeless authentication (Gkougkas et al., 2019) | Moderate | ~ 20 μs | ~ 500 × 103 SPS | ~ 20 μs | ~ 1 s | ~ 20 ms | Variable*** | Low | High | Low |
Binary phase hop (Wang et al., 2021) | Moderate | ~ 10 μs | ~ 1 × 106 SPS | ~ 10 μs | ~ 50 ms | ~ 50 ms | Variable*** | Low | High | Low |