Table 6 Validation parameters of ZWD computed using ERA5-PWV data by Bevis equation based on globally adopted Tm model (ERA5-ZWD1) and locally fine-tuned Tm model (ERA5-ZWD2) and computed by GPT3 atmospheric model using (Askne & Nordius, 1987) formula (GPT3-ZWD)
GNSS stations | Model | RMS (mm) | \(R^{2}\) |
|---|---|---|---|
ABUZ | ERA5-ZWD1 | 20.4109 | 0.9349 |
| Â | ERA5-ZWD2 | 20.3380 | 0.9353 |
| Â | GPT3-ZWD | 43.9342 | 0.6982 |
BJCO | ERA5-ZWD1 | 18.1678 | 0.8865 |
| Â | ERA5-ZWD2 | 18.1622 | 0.9966 |
| Â | GPT3-ZWD | 53.5907 | 0.0124 |
BKFP | ERA5-ZWD1 | 20.0368 | 0.9511 |
| Â | ERA5-ZWD2 | 19.9823 | 0.9514 |
| Â | GPT3-ZWD | 45.8375 | 0.7443 |
FUTY | ERA5-ZWD1 | 24.7438 | 0.9332 |
| Â | ERA5-ZWD2 | 24.6656 | 0.9336 |
| Â | GPT3-ZWD | 45.9314 | 0.7698 |
OSGF | ERA5-ZWD1 | 21.0036 | 0.9233 |
| Â | ERA5-ZWD2 | 20.9160 | 0.9540 |
| Â | GPT3-ZWD | 43.6566 | 0.6688 |
UNEC | ERA5-ZWD1 | 22.2685 | 0.8788 |
| Â | ERA5-ZWD2 | 22.1299 | 0.8803 |
| Â | GPT3-ZWD | 41.6780 | 0.5755 |
AVERAGE | ERA5-ZWD1 | 21.1052 | 0.9180 |
| Â | ERA5-ZWD2 | 21.0323 | 0.9419 |
| Â | GPT3-ZWD | 45.7714 | 0.5782 |