Fig. 2
From: Geodetic study on earth surface loading with GNSS and GRACE
Average horizontal (a) and vertical (b) displacements in 6 months at GNSS stations in northern South America. The data are from Nevada Geodetic Laboratory (NGL), Univ. Nevada Reno (UNR) (Blewitt et al., 2018), plotted with average seasonal mass anomaly distributions from CSR GRACE mascons (Save, 2019). The horizontal displacements reflect the direction of spatial mass gradient and the subsidence and uplift reflect the positive and negative mass anomalies, respectively. d The de-trended time series of north (red) and up (blue) components of NAUS (Manaus in the middle of the Amazon Basin) station are shown together with average seasonal (annual and semiannual) change curves. During an ENSO episode in 2015–2016 (c), abnormally small rain made NAUS uplift more than other years (d)