Fig. 3

Seasonal crustal movements by snow loading in Hokkaido, northern Japan. The snow depths are less in 2020 than in 2021/2022 (a). This is confirmed also in time series in (b) showing snow depth curves at four AMeDAS (Automatic meteorological data acquisition system) snow depth meters (position shown in the same color in the map). c indicates the horizontal displacement of a northwestern coastal station (0008) toward southeast (N135E) relative to a reference station in southeast (0015). d indicates the time series of down component at a station within a deep snow area (0110). c and d exhibit similar behavior, i.e., the peaks are strong in winters 2020–2021 and 2021–2022, and weaker in 2019–2020