Table 2 POD processing models for Haiyang-2D

Static earth gravity field model

EIGEN-06C, up to degree and order 120

Solid Earth tide and pole

International Earth Rotation Service (IERS) conventions 2010 (Petit & Luzum, 2010)

Ocean tides

Finite Element Solutions (FES2004) 30 × 30 (Lyard et al., 2006)

Ocean pole tides

Desai (Desai, 2002)

Conventional inertial reference frame

Geocentric celestial reference frame at J2000.0

Relativity and gravitational bending

IERS conventions 2010 (Petit & Luzum, 2010)

N-body perturbation

JPL DE405; point-mass model

Atmospheric drag

Macro model; DTM2013 density model (Bruinsma, 2015); piece-wise drag coefficients are estimated every 120 min

Empirical accelerations

Piece-wise periodical terms in the along- and cross-track directions are estimated every 120 min

Solar radiation pressure

Macro model, the scale parameter is estimated

Data sampling and orbit arc length

30 s and 24 h

Observations

Undifferenced ionospheric-free code and carrier phase

BDS-3 precise orbit and clock, and code and phase bias products

WUM rapid products (ftp://igs.gnsswhu.cn/pub/whu/phasebias)

BDS-3 phase center

igs14.atx delivered by IGS

Phase windup

Correcting using published models

Elevation cutoff

0°

Receiver clock

Epoch-wise, and Gauss–Markov process noise model (Montenbruck et al., 2005)

Carrier phase ambiguities

One per satellite tracking pass

Wide- and narrow-lane fixing decision

0.24 cycles (Liu et al., 2023)